《ICAP 2020年度全球碳市场进展报告》(英文版)
最新发布的第七版ICAP年度报告回顾了过去一年全球碳排放交易的主要进展和趋势。报告收录了多个司法管辖区碳排放交易体系从业者撰写的文章,深入剖析了当地碳排放交易体系和政策;提供了梳理和比较主要碳排放交易体系事实与数据的信息图表;以及对于每个体系(现有、正在建设或正在考虑建设的体系)的详情说明。
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ForewordEXECUTIVESUMMARYPractitionerInsightsCaliforniaAportfolioapproachtoclimatechangeChinaETSasfutureclimatepolicyanchorEuropeanUnionLeveragingcarbonpricingforthelow-carbontransitiontowardsclimateneutralityNewZealandAcollaborativeapproachtopricingagriculturalemissionsQuébecArevitalizedapproachto2030THETRANSPORTATIONANDCLIMATEINITIATIVEUSstateslookbeyondelectricityInfographicsFromsupranationaltolocalAllowancepricesEmissionsTradingWorldwideGLOBALEXPANSIONOFEMISSIONSTRADINGSectorCoverageDIFFERENTSHAPESOFETSAuctioningRevenueTHEPATHTONETZEROFactsheetsEuropeandCentralAsiaEuropeanUnionSwitzerlandKazakhstanGermanyUkraineTurkeyUnitedKingdomNorthAmericaWesternClimateInitiative(WCI)CaliforniaQuébecCanadaNovaScotiaMassachusettsRegionalGreenhouseGasInitiative(RGGI)PennsylvaniaTransportationandClimateInitiativeVirginiaNewMexiconewYorkCityNorthCarolinaOregonWashingtonLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanMexicoColombiaBrazilChileAsia-PacificBeijingChongqingFujianGuangdongHubeiShanghaiShenzhenTianjinNewZealandRepublicofKoreaTokyoSaitamaChinaTaiwan,ChinaIndonesiaJapanPakistanThailandVietnamaboutICAP&NotesabouttheInternationalCarbonActionPartnershipNotesonmethodsandsourcesListofacronymsimprintEMISSIONSTRADINGWORLDWIDEInternationalCarbonActionPartnershipStatusReport2020EMISSIONSTRADINGWORLDWIDEInternationalCarbonActionPartnership(ICAP)StatusReport2020EDITORIALTEAM:StephanieLaHozTheuer,WilliamAcworth,BaranDoda,ChristopherKardish,KaiKellner,EmmaKrause,ErnstKuneman,VictorOrtizRivera,MartinaKehrer,JuliaGroß,TobiasBernstein,ConstanzeHaug.CITEAS:ICAP.(2020).EmissionsTradingWorldwide:StatusReport2020.Berlin:InternationalCarbonActionPartnership.TheICAPSecretariatexpressesitsgratitudetopolicymakersfromtheICAPmembershipandfurthercollaboratorsfromtheemissionstradingeld,whoprovidedinsightfulwrittencontributionsand/orcarefullyreviewedthereport:BotagozAkhmetova(Kazakhstan),EbenezerAsamany(NovaScotia),ThomasBallou(Virginia),Jona-thanBeaulieu(Québec),Jean-YvesBenoit(Québec),PierreBouchard(Québec),MavisChan(Canada),SatoshiChida(TokyoMetropolitanGovernment),JohnCooper(NovaScotia),FranciscoDall'OrsoLeón(Chile),MarcoAuréliodosSantosAraujo(Brazil),SteveDoucet-Héon(Québec),BillDrumheller(Washington),ThomasDuchaine(Québec),VíctorHugoEscalonaGómez(Mexico),JillFernandez(NewZealand),DidaGardera(Indonesia),JasonGray(California),QianGuoqiang(SinoCarbon),AlexanderHandke(Germany),MaddyHayden(NewMexico),LarryHegan(Canada),PaulaHemmer(NorthCaro-lina),LolitaJackson(NewYorkCity),TedJamieson(NewZealand),HadikaJamshaid(Pakistan),YuJiahui(SinoCarbon),ThomasKellerhals(Switzerland),ChristineKirby(Massachusetts),ChanghwanLee(RepublicofKorea),JeLindberg(Canada),HuyLuongQuang(Vietnam),AmberMacNeil(Canada),ColinMcConnaha(Oregon),EnginMert(Turkey),MichelleMiller(NovaScotia),ShinichiroNiihara(Insti-tuteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies),AnaLuizaOliveiraChamploni(Brazil),MichellePalmer(NewZealand),PennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection,GermanDavidRomeroOtalora(Colombia),KarenSabasteanski(Virginia),RajinderSahota(California),AnothaiSangthong(Thailand),YumikoSato(TokyoMetropolitanGovernment),JuanPedroSearle(Chile),WilliamSpace(Massachu-setts),IrinaStavchuk(Ukraine),WilliamTait(NewZealand),AnneTrudel(Québec),AndrewWebber(NovaScotia),SophieWenger(Switzerland),BrittanyWhite(NovaScotia),BeatrizYordi(EuropeanCommission),OlgaYukhymchuk(Ukraine),DanZarrilli(NewYorkCity),ChenZhibin(SinoCarbon),JuliaZiemann(EuropeanCommission).TheICAPSecretariatisgratefultotheGermanFederalMinistryforEnvironment,NatureConservationandNuclearSafety(BMU)forfundingthisreport.adelphiconsultGmbHlendsscienticandtechnicalsupporttotheICAPSecretariatandcoordinatedthecompilationandproductionofthereport.AspecialthankstoLisaStorcks,IrinaMezurnishviliandYinshuoXuforeditorialassistance.TABLEOFConTENTSFOREWORD05EXECUTIVESUMMARY07PRACTITIonERINSIGHTSCALIFORNIA11AportfolioapproachtoclimatechangeCHINA13ETSasfutureclimatepolicyanchorEUROPEANUNIOn16Leveragingcarbonpricingforthelow-carbontransitiontowardsclimateneutralityNEWZEALAND18AcollaborativeapproachtopricingagriculturalemissionsQUÉBEC21Arevitalizedapproachto2030THETRANSPORTATIONANDCLIMATEINITIATIVE23USstateslookbeyondelectricityINFOGRAPHICSFROMSUPRANATIonALTOLOCAL26ALLOWANCEPRICES27EMISSIONSTRADINGWORLDWIDE28GLOBALEXPANSIONOFEMISSIONSTRADING29SECTORCOVERAGE30DIFFERENTSHAPESOFETS31AUCTIonINGREVENUE32THEPATHTONETZERO33FACTSHEETSEUROPEANDCENTRALASIA36EuropeanUnion37Switzerland43Kazakhstan47Germany50Ukraine53Turkey54UnitedKingdom56NORTHAMERICA57WesternClimateInitiative58California59Québec64Canada68NovaScotia71Massachusetts75RegionalGreenhouseGasInitiative78Pennsylvania82TransportationandClimateInitiative83Virginia84NewMexico86NewYorkCity87NorthCarolina88Oregon89Washington90LATINAMERICAANDTHECARIBBEAN91Mexico92Colombia96Brazil97Chile98ASIA-PACIFIC100Beijing101Chongqing104Fujian107Guangdong110Hubei113Shanghai116Shenzhen119Tianjin122NewZealand124RepublicofKorea128Tokyo132Saitama136China139Taiwan,China142Indonesia143Japan144Pakistan145Thailand146Vietnam147aboutICAP&NOTESaboutTHEINTERNATIonALCARBONACTIONPARTNERSHIP149NOTESONMETHODSANDSOURCES153LISTOFACRonYMS157IMPRINT15905StatusReport2020ICAPContentsFOREWORDETSsandcompanionpoliciesontheroadtonet-zeroemissionsAcrosstheworld,2019sawasurgeinawarenessofclimatechangeandpublicpressuretolimittheemissionsthatcauseit.Asthe2020sbegin,thismomentummustbetranslatedintoconcreteclimateambitionifwearetokeepglobaltemperatureriseswellbelow2°C.Wearedelightedtonotethatseveraljuris-dictionshaverisentothechallengeandputforwardcarbonneutralitytargets.Californiaintendstobecarbonneutralby2045andnet-negativethereaer;theEuropeanUnion,undertheGreenDeal,willworkcollectivelytowardsachievingcarbonneutralityby2050;Swedenaimstoreachnet-zeroemissionsby2045,withFrance,Switzerland,andtheUnitedKingdomaimingtodothesameby2050;andseveralothercountries,likeChile,CostaRica,Fiji,andtheMarshallIslandsareleadingcarbonneutralityinitiativesintheGlobalSouth—buildingupglobalmomentumtowardsreachingnetzerointhesecondhalfofthecentury.Thisyear’sStatusReportexploreshowdierentpolicyinstrumentscancometogethertodrivethedeepdecarboniza-tionneededtomeettheseambitiousgoals.Emissionstradingsystems(ETSs)areakeypieceofthepuzzle.TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangehighlightsthatexplicitcarbonpricesremainanecessaryconditionofambitiousclimatepoliciesandthatotherpoliciesreectingrobustpricesignalsarenecessarytoachievecost-eectivedecarbonizationpathways.AndETSsarealreadydelivering.Acrosstheworld,ETSshavebeenstrongdriversofemissionsreductionsintheelec-tricitysector,notablybyhelpingmakecoallessattractive:CO2emissionsfrompowerplantsundertheRegionalGreenhouseGasInitiative(RGGI)havefallenby47%since2008,andintheUK,coalsuppliedonly5%ofelectricityin2018,downfrom39%in2012.Inbothcases,carbonpricingwasthemain(albeitnottheonly)policydriver.Similarly,inGermany,areinforcedcarbonpricesignalintherevisedEuropeanUnionEmissionsTradingSystem(EUETS)contributedtoaprojected18%year-on-yeardecreaseinpowersectoremissionsin2019,bringingtheGerman2020miti-gationtargetbackwithinreach.ETSsarealsohelpingtodecar-bonizeindustrialsectors.InCalifornia,forexample,industrialemissionswentdownby4.6%between2013and2017despiteaGDPgrowthofnearly17%.Yetsolvingthedeepdecarbonizationpuzzlewilldemandpoli-ciesbroaderthancarbonpricingalone.Thepathtonetzerorequiresdeepandprogressingemissionsreductionsinindustry,transportation,andbuilding—sectorswhereinnovationpoli-ciesanddirectregulation(suchasbuildingcodes,procurementframeworks,andminimumperformancestandards)canalsoplayastrongrole.Carefullycraedpolicypackagesthatcombinecarbonpricingwithothertypesofregulationcanprovidethemostcertainandcost-eectivepathtocarbonneutrality.Tech-nologymandatesandinnovationpoliciesmaybecrucialindrivingnewlow-carboninvestment:forexample,preventingcarbonlock-inthroughlong-livedcapitalassetsincertainjuris-dictionsmayrequiretechnologyphase-outs.ETSsandotherpoliciesarenotindependentofeachother,butratherinteractinmanyways.AuctionrevenuesfromETSsprovideimportantnancialresourcesforpublicinvestmentintosupportinginnovationandfurtheremissionsreductions.In2018,atotalofEUR14.1billion(USD15.8billion)wasdistributedtoEUmemberstatesfromtheauctioningofEUETSallowanceswithsome70%spentforclimate-andenergy-relatedpurposes.Ontopofannuallydistributedauctionrevenues,theEUETSInno-vationFund,nancedfromtheauctioningofEUETSallowances,willdisburseuptoEUR10billion1(USD11.2billion)overthenextdecadetosupportinnovativelow-carbontechnologiesinener-gy-intensiveindustries,constructionandoperationofcarboncaptureandstorage,andinnovativerenewableenergygener-ation,amongothers.RGGIdedicatesover50%ofitsrevenuetoenergyeiciencyprojectssuchasretrottingandinsulationprograms,andQuébecallocatesthelargestshareofitsauctionrevenuetopromotingcleantransport.ETSscanthusgenerateadoubledividendofdrivingmitigationwithintheircoveredsectorsthroughcarbonpricingandfurtherreducingemissionsbytailoredspendingofauctionrevenues.Carefullycraedpolicypackagesthatcombinecarbonpricingwithothertypesofregulationcanprovidethemostcertainandcost-eectivepathtocarbonneutrality1–EstimatebasedoncurrentcarbonpricesintheEUETS06StatusReport2020ICAPContentsInthiscontext,theemissionreductionsachievedinETSsectorsbynon-ETSpolicies–suchasrenewableenergyandenergyei-ciencyregulations–mustbereectedinthecaptrajectoryforETSstoremaineective.MarketstabilitymeasureswithinETSsareakeypolicytoolforthis.ETSscanalsoacttoguaranteeacertainenvironmentaloutcomeregardlessoftheperformanceofotherpolicies.InCalifornia,forexample,aroundtwo-thirdsofforecastedemissionreductionsthrough2030aredrivenbyregu-lationssuchasalowcarbonfuelstandardandtherenewableenergyportfoliostandard;theCaliforniaCap-and-TradeProgramisreliedupontodeliverallremainingreductionsnecessarytoachievethe2030target.ETSscanthereforeplaydierentrolesinthepolicymix,andtheroleofanETSmayalsodierfromsectortosector.Continuedresearchandpolicyassessmentsoveravarietyofjurisdictionsandsectorsarenecessarytobetterunderstandtheoptimalpolicymixfordeepdecarbonizationunderdierentcircumstances,aswellastheinteractionsbetweencarbonpricingandotherpolicyapproaches.Theclimatechallengethatliesaheadisenormous.TheInter-nationalCarbonActionPartnership(ICAP)isakeyplatformforcarbonmarketpolicymakerstobuildtechnicalcapacityaswellasexchangeviewsandbestpracticesaboutdesigningeectivecarbonpricinginstrumentsaspartofcohesiveandambitiouspolicyframeworksthatcandriveemissionstowardsnetzero.ETSscanplaydierentrolesinthepolicymix,andtheroleofanETSmayalsodierfromsectortosector.ContinuedresearchandpolicyassessmentsarenecessarytobetterunderstandtheoptimalpolicymixfordeepdecarbonizationBEATRIZYORDICo-chairoftheInternationalCarbonActionPartnershipandDirectorofEuro-peanandInternationalCarbonMarkets,Directorate-GeneralforClimateAction,EuropeanCommissionRAJINDERSAHOTACo-chairoftheInternationalCarbonActionPartnershipandChiefoftheIndustrialStrategiesDivision,CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard07StatusReport2020ICAPContentsEXECUTIVESUMMARYIn2019theworldsawasurgeinawarenessandpublicsupportforclimateaction.TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)specialreporthighlightedtheurgencyoflimitingglobalwarmingto1.5°CandofreducingGHGemissionsfromallsources.Worldwide,emissionstradingsystems(ETS)continuetobeakeypieceofthemitigationpuzzle,with21systemsnowoperatingacrossfourcontinentsand24furthersystemsunderdevelopmentorunderconsideration.ThiseditionoftheInternationalCarbonActionPartnership’s(ICAP)EmissionsTradingWorldwidereportoutlinesthekeydevelopmentsandtrendsinemissionstradingoverthepastyear.ItpresentsarticlesbyETSpractitionersfromICAPmemberjuris-dictions,providingdirectinsightsintotheirsystemsandpolicies;infographicsexaminingandcomparingkeyETSfactsandgures;anddetailedfactsheetsoneachsystemcurrentlyinforce,underdevelopment,orunderconsideration.TAKINGACOMPREHENSIVEANDCOMPLEMENTARYAPPROACHFormanyjurisdictions,2019wasayearofputtingforwardcarbon-neutralitytargets.FromtheEuropeanUniontoFiji,fromtheUnitedKingdomtoCalifornia,fromNewZealandtoCostaRica–ahostofjurisdictionsareleadingneutralityinitiativesaroundtheglobe.TheIPCChighlightsthatexplicitcarbonpricesremainanecessaryconditionofambitiousclimatepolicies,andthatotherpoliciesreectingrobustpricesignalsarenecessarytoachievecost-eectivedecarbonizationpathways.Carbonpricingplaysacentralroleindeliveringbroad-basedandcost-eicientabatement,yetdeepdecarbonizationalsorequiresotherpolicies.Forexample,drivingemissionsreduc-tionsintheindustry,transportation,andbuildingsectorswillrequirecomplementarypoliciessuchasperformancestandards,buildingcodes,andinnovationsupport.Carbonpricingcanactivelysupporttheimplementationofsuchpolicies:mostofthe78billionUSDcollectedinauctionrevenuestodatehasbeeninvestedintoinnovationandfurtheremissionreductions.ETSscanalsoactasanenvironmental“safetynet”,helpingensureaspecicenvironmentaloutcomeregardlessoftheperformanceofotherpolicies.Conversely,ETSdesign(suchasthecaptrajec-tory,supportedbymarketstabilityinstruments)musttakeintoaccounttheemissionsreductionsdrivenbynon-ETSpoliciessuchasrenewableenergyandenergyeiciencyregulations.ETSscanalsoplaydierentrolesinthepolicymix,andtheroleofanETScanalsodieracrosssectors.Whencarefullycraed,policypackagesthatcombinecarbonpricingwithothertypesofregulationcanprovidethemostcertainandcost-eectivepathtocarbonneutrality.Thisyear’sICAPStatusReportfeaturesarticlesfrompolicy-makersaroundtheworldthatprovidepersonalinsightsintohowjurisdictionsarecraingpolicypackagesofETSsandcompanionpoliciestodrivedeepemissionsreductions.TheEuropeanUnion,forexample,outlineshowarevisedandstrengthenedETSwillbeakeyinstrumentfordeliveringcarbonneutralityandsupportingtheEuropeanGreenDeal,whichoutlinesecon-omy-widecompanionpolicies.NewZealanddiscusseshowitrecentlyestablishedanoverarchingclimateframeworkwiththeClimateChangeResponse(ZeroCarbon)AmendmentAct,alongwithreformstotheNewZealandETSthatwillhelpachievetheframework’stargetofnet-zeroemissionsby2050.Californiatakesabroadportfolioapproachinitsclimatepolicystrategy,relyingonarangeofmeasures—includingaRenewablePortfolioStandard,energy-eiciencygoals,andaLowCarbonFuelStandard—inconjunctionwiththeCaliforniancap-and-tradeprogramtoachieveGHGreductiongoals.Thestate’sScopingPlanestimatestheimpactofeachpolicyanddeneshowtheyworktogether,withthecap-and-tradeprogramulti-matelyhelpingensurethatreductionsoccur.Québecalsohigh-lightsthenecessityofintertwiningaseriesofcomplementarypoliciesthatfocusonthewiderelectricationofitseconomy,particularlytransport.TheCanadianprovinceisalsoconsideringareformtoitscap-and-tradesystemthatwouldprovidestrongerabatementincentivesforindustrialfacilitieswhiledirectingmoresupportforthemtoinvestinlow-carbontechnologies.Emergingsystemsalsoprovideprimeexamplesofpolicypack-agestodrivedecarbonization.Chinaoersanapproachthatspansvariouslevelsofgovernment:policiessuchasthenationalETSandlow-carbondevelopmentpilotprogramstargetCO2emissionsnationally,andarecoupledwithregionalcarbon-in-tensityandenergy-intensitytargetsenshrinedinve-yearplans.Othersystemsareexaminingsectoralapproaches:thisisthecaseoftheTransportationClimateInitiative,apotentialU.S.regionalcap-and-investprogramfocusedonreducingcombustionoftransportationfuels.TheprogramwouldcomplementexistingETSs(includingtheRegionalGreenhouseGasInitiativeandtheMassachusettsLimitsonEmissionsfromElectricityGenerators),regulationsthatmandatethesaleofzero-emissionsvehicles,andprogramsthatproviderebatesortaxsubsidiestoelectricvehiclepurchasersinordertodrivefurtheremissionreductionsinthetransportationsector.08StatusReport2020ICAPContentsAYEAROFETSDEVELOPMENTSOverthecourseofthelastyear,emissionstradingsystemsunderwentarangeofdevelopments.Updatesincludedbroadeningsectoralcoverage,reningallocationmethodologies,and/orlinkingwithotherETSjurisdictions,amongstothers.Newsystemsarealsointhemaking,asjurisdictionsworkonthedesignandoperationalizationoftheirETSs.Herewesummarizeupdatesofsystemscurrentlyinforce(i.e.,thosealreadyoperating)andthoseunderdevelopment(i.e.,jurisdictionsinwhichamandateforanETSisinplace,andwheresystemrulesarecurrentlybeingdraed),aswellasotherjurisdictionswithmajordevelopmentsin2019.EuropeandCentralAsia•EuropeanUnion:TheEUETSMarketStabilityReservestartedoperatingin2019.Followingtheadoptionofthepost-2020policyframework,regulatoryactivitiesin2019focusedonimple-mentingtheagreedprovisionsaheadofthenexttradingphase(2021-2030)–includingprovi-sionsoncarbonleakage,freeallocationandauctioning.linkedwiththeSwissETS(seebelow).•Switzerland:ThelinkwiththeEUETSwasratiedbybothsidesandtookeecton1January2020.Inpreparingforthelink,Switzerlandbroadenedsectoralcoverageandexpandedpartici-pationintheSwissETS’ssecondarymarkettononcomplianceentities.•Kazakhstan:Theendof2019sawtherstexchangeofallowancessincetheKAZETSrestartedoperatingin2018.Transactionsareexpectedtobeactivein2020,asitisthelastyearofthecurrentETSphase.•Germany:WilllaunchanationalETSforheatingandtransportfuelsin2021,complementingtheEUETS.Legislationwasadoptedin2019toimplementthesystemgradually,rstwithaxedannualprice,increasingovertheperiod2021–2025.In2026,auctionswithminimumandmaximumpriceswillbeintroduced.•Ukraine:AdoptedanMRVLawwhichprovidesabasisforthedevelopmentofanETS.•Montenegro:AdoptedaclimatelawwithprovisionsforanETSinthepowerandindustrysectors.Allowanceswillbepartlyauctioned,withaminimumauctionreservepriceofEUR24(USD27)pertonne.Auctionrevenueswillbeusedforenvironmentalmeasures.Thesystemwillalsofeatureapricestabilizationreserve.1NorthAmerica•California–Québec:SomeregulatoryamendmentsconformingwithAB398wentintoeectin2019,thoughsomemajorchanges(e.g.,priceceiling,osets-relatedlimits)willnottakeeectuntil2021.Québec’sregulatoryworkin2019focusedonaproposedreformoffreeallocationfrom2024–2030.•NovaScotia:Startedoperatingitssystemin2019incompliancewiththe‘Pan-Canadianframe-workonCleanGrowthandClimateChange’.•Massachusetts:2019sawanincreaseintheshareofallowancesauctionedinitssystem,whichcoversthepowersectorandcomplementsRGGI.•RegionalGreenhouseGasInitiative(RGGI):ThemajorityofRGGIparticipatingstateshaveadopteddesignchangesendorsedinthe2017ModelRule,includinganincreasedannualreductionfactorandnewemissionscontainmentreserveforthepost-2020period.NewJerseyadoptedETSlegislationin2019andrejoinedRGGIatthebeginningof2020.VirginiaisalsointheprocessofestablishinganETSandcouldjoinRGGIbytheendof2020.•Pennsylvania:Thestate’sgovernordirectedthePennsylvaniaEnvironmentalQualityBoardtodevelopaproposalforanETSby31July2020.ThesystemwouldcoverCO2emissionsfromtheelectricpowersectorandcouldbelinkedtoRGGI.•TheTransportationandClimateInitiative(TCI):Asubsetofthe13jurisdictionsparticipatingintheU.S.EastCoastTCIreleasedadraframeworkoutliningbasicdesignfeaturesofaregionaltransportsectorETSstartingasearlyas2022.1–TheMontenegrinsystemwasannouncedaertheeditorialcut-odateforthisyear’sICAPStatusReportandisthereforesummarizedhereonlybriey.FormoreinformationpleaserefertotheICAPwebsite.09StatusReport2020ICAPContents•Oregon:Thestateattempted,albeitunsuccessfully,topassacap-and-tradebillin2019.Inearly2020thelegislatureputfortharemodeledbill,proposingtoestablishacap-and-tradeprogramstartingin2022.LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean•Mexico:TheMexicanETSpilotstartedoperatingon1January2020.TheprogramcoversdirectCO2emissionsfromenergyandindustry,representing37%ofnationalemissions.ThefullETSisscheduledtobeoperationalin2023.•Colombia:WorkonthedesignofanationalETScontinues.AsiaPacic•China:ContinuestoprepareforthefulllaunchofitsnationalETS.In2019,theMinistryofEcologyandEnvironmentreleaseddrainterimregulationsonthemanagementofemissionstrading,aswellasatrialplanforallocatingemi…
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- 根据 IPCC 最新的数据, CH 4、 N2O 等的 GWP 值都已更新,按照国家行业《指南》进行碳排放核查时,此类参 数引用最新值还是《指南》中的数值? 2019-04-24
- 请问根据 IPCC 最新的数据, CH4、 N2O 等的 GWP 值都已更新,按照国家行业《指南》进行碳排放核查时,此类参 数引用最新值还是《指南》中的数值? 2019-04-24
- 请问附件 2、 3《全国碳排放权交易企业碳排放汇总表》 中“企业综合能耗(万吨标煤) ”是以等价值还是当量值上报? 2019-04-24
- 请问碳市场启动后会影响发电行业总体成本上升吗? 2019-04-23
- 在全国碳交易的碳排放核算中, 计算购入的电力产生 的排放时采用的区域电网平均供电排放因子与电量边际排放因子 (EFOM) 、容量边际排放因子 (EFBM) ,组合排放因子(EFCM )的区别与联系? 2019-04-23
- 请问碳交易是否为深圳创造新的竞争优势和培育新的经济增长点? 2019-04-21
- 请问在全国碳交易的碳排放核算中, 计算购入的电力产生 的排放时采用的区域电网平均供电排放因子与电量边际排放因子 (EFOM) 、容量边际排放因子 (EFBM) ,组合排放因子(EFCM )的区别与联系? 2019-04-21
- 请问碳排放交易对深圳的经济以及发展环境会有什么样影响? 2019-04-21
- 请问民航企业对二氧化碳排放设备应该怎样定义的? 2019-03-31
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